an exact reflection of the character
and growth of its speakers.
- Cesar Chavez
Afghanistan ramri-a inthoka Thailand- Burma ramri bul chen hi British India hnuoia a ramper, km biel 4,903,312 (1,893,179 sq.miles) a lien, intiem hmasa tak 1881 khoma mihriem maktaduoi (mtd) 256 umna, Kumpinu lallukhum cheimawitu lunghlu tam tak laia a varparh a nih. Trong hrang hrang inhmang tah, hrangchat lai mek le thi hmin hman tah ieng zat am a um ti hriet nuomin kum 1891-1928 sung khan beipui thlakin thlithlaina (survey) an nei a, trong (language) 364 le trong tesep (dialects) tam tak an rikawt a. Chuong an lak khawmhai chu Linguistic Survey of India ti bu hming putin Volume 11 (XI) a hung suok a. Zo hnathlakhai po po, Meitei khom jel sain, Volume III, Part III-ah, Tibeto-Burman Family: Kuki-Chin & Burma Groups ti hnuoiah an mi khum a. Hi lekhabu hi Zo hnathlakhai chanchin le tu laia ei ram delhai ei hung hluo hma le hnung chanchin ei hril ni khuoa săm makmaw laia pakhat a nih. Hi lekhabu hi ro hlu, Old Kuki hnuoia hnam hming hrang hrang an siehai laia naupang tak,‘Hmar’ ti hming le ‘Hmar trong’ ziek ngeia a hung inlangna hmasa tak a nih.
A trobul
Austria khawpui Vienna hi histawri lamthruoma ngir ve laia mi pakhat a ni ang hrimin, mi kawlhrawng Napoleon Bonaparte-in a râl hratna kuttum hmanga kum tam Europe a vai hmăt hnunga Elbaa an man khan, chuong laia Europe rambung hrang hranga thruoitu mi var le thiemhai chun Europe map rem thra nawk dingin kum 1815 khan Vienna Convention an nei a, tu lai chena ram tum tum inkara indawr dan hmang ei zui pei hi an duong suok a nih. Chu hnung kum 70-a hi hmuna Oriental Congress an nei trum chun India rama inthokin Royal Asiatic Society aiawin mi panga an thrang ve a, chuonghai laia pakhat chu Indian Civil Service (ICS) pachal, George Abraham Grierson (1851-1941) a nih. Grierson rotna le norna leiin inkhawmpui chun British India ramper sunga trong an hmanghai mumal taka thlithlaina nei dinga Kumpinu Sorkar kuoma rotna siem thra an ti tlang a. Hi thu tlukna hin kakhawk poimaw a nei sei hle.
Chu rotna chu bawzuiin kum 1898 khan Linguistic Survey of India an indin a, Superintendent-ah Grierson an ruot a. Ama chun Survey thaw dan ding le trong hrang hrang lak khawm dan ding rurel a duong a. Chu chu thawna dinga inkhina hmangruoa a hmang chu Sir George Campbell-in trong hrang hrang inangna le danglamna thlier theina chabi-a ngai, thumal le tronglamkei 241 a lak khawmhai le Baibula ‘Naupa tlanhmang tekhinthu’ a nih. Grierson ngeiin Luka 15:11-32 a hmang san chu, “it contains the three personal pronouns, most of the cases found in the declension of nouns, and the present, past, and the future tenses of the verb” tiin a ziek.[1]
Hi taka Hmar (Mhar tiin an ziek) tronga Major J.Shakespear inlet (1900) an inchuon hi mellung poimaw, ziek ngeia lekhabua ‘Hmar’ hming le Hmar trong a chuongna hmasa tak a nih. Chu chu Linguistic Survey of India Vol.III Part III (Tibeto-Burman Family: Kuki-Chin & Burma Groups), 1904-a a chuong dan angin a hnuoia hin ei hung thur suok a nih. Thlûk sei ‘â’ umna po hi ‘aw’ anga tiem ding a nih.[2]
“Mi tu-na-ma-nih fa-pa pa-nhih a nei-a. A-nao-pang-lem-in a pa kuam-a, ‘Ka pa ro ka chan-tum mi pe-roh,’ a ta. Chuang-chun, a sum chu an in nhin a shem-rel-a. Ni-shât-nâ-tak-in a-nao-pang-lem-in sum a-reng-in a khâm-vong-a, khua-lam la tak-a a fe-tah. Chu khua chun-in hoi-ta-bek-in a om-a, a sum chu a bo-mhang-ta-vong-a. A mhang-zo-vong-le an khua tiang chu na-sha-deo-vin an tam –a, bak-ding a tla-sham-a. Chuang-chun chu-hai khua chun tu-kuam-am shin thoh-in a va-thang. Chu mi-pa chun vok thlai pe-ding-in a lo tiang a thuai-a. Ziang-tin kâm vok-in a bak kha a-ma khom a-puar-tak a-bak a nuam-a, tu-khomin iang-khom an pe-noh-a. A harh-nâk-phing-le, ‘Ka pa kuam-a sum-lhâ-hai bu bak-shen-lo-va nei an tam-theia leh kei la-khi hi-lai-hin von-tam-in ka thi-vang-vang-a. Tho-ka-ta ka pa kuam-a va-rhil-ka-tih, “Ka pa van-a mi chung-a leh nang-a mit-mhu-in iang-tin ka thâ-shual, ka mhing i nao-pasal a-ring tlak ka ni-noh, I kuam-a sum-lhâh pa-khat ang-in mi shiam-ve-roh” ting-ka-tih.’ Chuang-chun a tho-va a pa kuam-a fe tah-a.Chuang-chun lha-tak-a a la-om-lai-in a pan a lo mhu- a, a khâ-ngai-a, a tlan-a, a ir a shuk-tua a fâp-a. A kuam-a a nao-pasal-in, ‘Ka pa van-a mi kuam-a leh nang-a mit-mhu-in iang-tin ka thâ-sual. Ka mhing i nao-pasal a-ring tlak ka ni-noh,’ a ta. Ni-khom-sian a pan a suak-hai kuam-a, ‘Puan tha tak tak kha hang-la-un-la hang-choi-tir-roh, a kut-a kut-sebi-hai, a khe-a phei-khok hang-bun-tir-roh,se-bâng-te a-thao-tak kha hang-la-un-lan that-ro, lhim-tak-in bak-ei-tih, hi ka nao-pasal hi a thi a a hong-rhing-nok a ni, an mhang nhu kan mhu-nok-ta a nih,’ a ta. Chuang-chun lhim-tak-in an om-tan-nok-ta-a.
A nao-pasal a-len-lem lo-va om. In-a hong-tlung-tâm-in iang-tin shut-ri le an lam-thâm a hong-rhiat-a. Chuang-chun suak tu-ma-nih a sham-a, ‘Chu ia-ma ni-ta-leh?’ a ta, a zât a. “I shang a hong-tlung-tah-a, him-tak-in a-mhu-lei-in i pan se-bâng-te thao tak kha a that,’ a ta. Chuang-chun a lung a shen-a in-a an loi-nuam-noh-a, a pa a hong-shuaka an thlêm a.Nih-man a pa kuam-a, ‘Rhe-roh, kum khâ hi-ang-chen-hi i sin ka thoh-a, i thu lakhi ka nhial-ngai-noh-a, ka rualhai kuam-a lâm-na-ding kel hai-khom ini pek-ngai-noh. Chuang-chun i nao-pasal hi nâ-chi-zuar kuam-a i sum bak-ral-vong-tu hi a hong-fe-phing-leh a-ma-ding-in se-bâng-te thao tak kha i lo-that-pek-zel-a’ a ta-lo-don-a. ‘Ka nao-pasal ka kuam-a i om-zing, an roh ka-ta poh chu i-ta vong an nih. Lhim tak le lâm tak-a om a tha an-nâ, hi i shang hi a thi hong-rhing-nok a nih, an mhang-a kan mhu-nok-ta a nih’ a ta. (p 259-261).
Grierson hmalakna le inrawina hnuoia thlithlaina an nei hi sunzom dingin kum 1984 khan Registrar General & Census Commissioner hnuoia um Language Division chun Second Linguistic Survey of India an indin a. An thiltum tak chu thaw hmasaka inthoka trong ngirhmun inthlak danglam dan sui a ni tak a. Kum 2010 khan 40% vel zo hman tah anga ripawt a ni laiin, Grierson hun laia a trong hmangtu vantlang mi naranhaia inthok ni loazirtirtu le sorkar thoktu, trening nei lohai lakhawmtu dinga an la sor zing leiin trong tienga mi thiemhai soisel a hlaw nasa a. Chun, 1991 Census-ah ‘nu trong’ (mother tongue), ziek dan le hmang dan phung (grammar) nei 1576 le ‘nu trong dang’ (other mother tongues) an ti 1796 an hmu suok thar bakah Grierson inrawina hnuoia thlithlaina an nei khan Burma tienga hnam tam tak le South India tieng, abikin Tamilnadu le Karnatakaa hnam cheng tam tak an lo hmai palh ti an hmu suok bok a.
Chuleiin, India Sorkar chun Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-2012) sunga fumfe lem le huop zau lema thlithlaina nei dingin cheng tlukledingawn (tda) 2.8 (billion) a sangson a. Hi prawzek thar hi New Linguistic Survey of India le Survey of Minor and Endangered Languages ti hnuoiah an hung thre a. University hrang hrang 54, investigators 2000 le linguists & language specialists 10,000 ruoia kum 10 sunga zo dinga an riruong a nih. Himalay tlang thrut vela hnam chenghai tronga inthoka tran ding ti khah, hnam bing zawnga inlâk hrang tumna le nuomna lungril kei thona ni dinga ngai pawl an um leiin sorkarin kut a kei tǐm a, ieng insuo hman loin a hrût nawk tah a nih.
Chu phingleh kum 1996-a Baroda-a indin NGO pakhat, The Bhasha Research and Publication Centre chun anni puola thlithlaina sin chu bawzui dingin People’s Linguistic Survey of India (PLSI) an indin a, trong riral mekhai zong suok le san suok sin thaw dinginProfessor G.N.Devy inrawina hnuoiah hma an lak tran a, 2016 chen khan State hrang hrangah Workshop voi 80 chuong an huoihot tah a nih. Mizorama workshop an huoihot hmasa tak National Seminar on Mizo Language: Contemporary Challenges and Prospects chu 18-19 July, 2013 khan Aizawlah nei a ni a, chu taka chun an mi fiel anga thrangin, ziek dinga an mi bituk ‘Mizo as a Link Language’ ti ka thaw ve. Hi truma ka hril uor tak chu Zotrong a dam khawsuokna ding le hrisel taka a hung inthranglien peina dinga bawlhlo poimaw chu a chawmtu Zo hnathlak trong hrang hrang chim pil neka sukhmasawn le sukhrat lem a nizie thu a nih.
Trong thlithlainaa valantiara thrang mi 3000 neka tamin kum li sunga an khonkhawm phek 35,000 chuong chu Volume 50 vela khawrpum dinga riruong a nih. Thlithlaina an nei sung hin, India ram sung ringotah trong 780 an rikawt a, trong 100 neka tam rikawt lo la umin an ring bok. Chun, kum 50 sungin trong 220 a riral hman a, kum 50 nawkah 150 vel bohmang nawk dingin an ring. India Constitution (8th Schedule) hnuoia Scheduled Languages22 an pom tahai chu 1) Assamese, (2) Bengali, (3) Gujarati, (4) Hindi, (5) Kannada, (6) Kashmiri, (7) Konkani, (8) Malayalam, (9) Manipuri, (10) Marathi, (11) Nepali, (12) Oriya, (13) Punjabi, (14) Sanskrit, (15) Sindhi, (16) Tamil, (17) Telugu, (18) Urdu (19) Bodo, (20) Santhali, (21) Maithili le (22) Dogri an nih.
Trong humhalna dinga sirbi poimaw a nih ti hrein, Mizo trong khom 8th Schedule-a hlu lut tumin kum iemani chena inthok khan thrang lak zing a nih. Sorkarin hlu lut tlak a ni le ni naw inkhina an khang nia an hril rop chu hawrop (script) hrang a nei nawh ti a nih. Hi hi suonlam derthawng tak a nih. Hawrop (script)-in trong a siem ngai nawh. Trong ziek suokna dingin hawrop a mamaw a, chu ding chun ieng hawrop khom a remchang dan anga hmang thei a nih. Khawvela trong inlar tak Saptrong (English) chun a hranin hawrop a nei naw a, Roman Script a hmang ve el a nih. Eini khomin ei kawl le kienga chenghai thaw dan anga Bengali hawrop hmang loin Roman hawrop ei hmang ve. Eini laia thil mak deu el chuh, thri be china inngaihai lai khom hawrop hi trong siemtua ngai pawl ei um tlat hi a nih! Mawlin taluo a lo nei nawh. A ieng khom chu ni sien, Zo hnathlakhai laia tlang hriet thama hawrop siemtu chu Tiddim (Sukte) mi Pau Cin Hau (1859-1948) a nih. Chinese hawrop ang lim hawrop 1050-a tam, Pathienin a pek ni-a a hril chu lekha khawla sut thei dingin hawrop 37-in an sawr chin a, sienkhom hmang lar a ni nawh.[3]
Trong humhal poimawna
Trong hi mihriem tonhriet, ri hmanga hril suok theina hmangruo, mihriem bokin ri hrang hrang hmanga a ching suok a nih. A chengna khawvela thil umin zierang a thlak nasa em em. Chu khawvel tukvera inthoka an tarmit hmanga thlir naw chun a zierang indik hmu fie thei a ni nawh. Himalaya tlanga cheng hnam hrang hrangin ‘vur’ (snow) hrilna ringot thumal 130 chuong an nei. Thlalera cheng Bedouin-hai khomin pilvut hrilna trongkam dorzon tam an nei. An ta dingin pilvut chun hmel le mizie hrang daih a put. Kan umna hlui Maldives-a cheng, Divehi trong hmanghai chun tuipui rong hring-pawl hrilna thumal 28 chuong an nei.
January 26, 2010 khan Andaman thlierkar pakhata Bo hnama mi nu pakhat chu a thi a, kum 65,000 sunga an hnam le trong le an tonhriet po po khom a thi ruolin kumkhuoin vui liemin a lo um tah a nih. A trong hrie tu khom an um ta naw leiin, a hun tawp tieng chun vate ruol an biekpui hlak niin an hril. Sakordai (Hmunsang/Chengkawlawn)a inlal Raja Sanga khom kha, a hmuhai hril dan chun, a zing tho hin vate chi hrang hrang a ko a, a banah an hung fu a, an biekpui hlak. Sa le va le inbe thei an um a, chuong mihai chun trong ieng chi am an hmang ei hriet nawh. Pathienin mi a biek khomin mihriem trong a hmang nawa chuh a biek thlarau khan a hril khah a lo dong sawng a, chu chu ama trongkam hrietin thuin a puong suok hlak a nih.
Chun, trong hi a hmangtu an tam lei le trong tenauhai a chim hlum rawn leia dam sawt khom a ni chuong kher nawh. Roman lalram ropui lai le a hnunga Holy Roman Empire a hung ngir lai khan Latin trong chu a ropui bung bung hle a, trong tenauhai chu a del hmat deu vong a ni khah. Sienkhom, Roman lalram le Holy Roman Empire a hung tluk siet hnung khan damten a chim thla ruop a, a hmun hluotu dingin Latin kaupeng panga-Italian, Portugues, Spanish, French le Romania- an hung tro suok a, Latin tak ruok chu trong tuollengin a tho suok ta nawh. Sanskrit khom India rama trong tam tak hringtu le chawmtu ni sien khom Latin trong ngirhmun thoa ngir a nih. Grik trong khom. Pathien trong ang deuthawa hril Hebrai trong khom a chuongliem bik nawh. Tuta Hebrai trong an hmang hi Thuthlung Hluia Hebrai trong kha a ni ta nawh. Isu Krista hun lai khom khan Hebrai trong hmang ta loin Aramik trong a nih an hmang. Isu chanchin zieknaa an trong hmang lem chu Aramik khom ni ta loin Grik trong daih a ni tah.
Mi tlawmte trong hmang, trong hnufuol le insituma ngai khom a hmangtuhaiin an zir phot chun trong ropui le hausa takah a hung insiem thei. English trong hi entirna thra tak a nih. Italian-haiin Saptrong inchuk an rin sana an mi hril dan chun, saruok deuthawa English mihai an la khawsak lai, AD 597 khan an thlierkarah Gregorian Mission tir a, ringtuah siem a, an trong ziekna ding Roman Script an pek leia thimnaa inthoka var hung paw ve chau nia an ngai leiin, an trong inchuk chu tlawmah an lak tlat a nih. Amiruokchu, England thlierkar chite chun khawvel hmun ngaa threa hmun thum rampera a siem bakah a ram trong English chu khawvel pumin trong tlanglawna an hmang hiel khopa hung indar zau a ni leiin pawnga hang hnawl el thei a ni ta si nawh. English chu khawvel indawrna trong tak a hung ni ta tlat leiin a ni telin a lien tuol tuol a, trong dang a hnaw chep a, trong tenau tam tak a chim nel bok a nih.
Lala Khobung artikul, ‘I ngaituo ve hlak am?’ ti tiemtu chun ei tronga Saptrong a luong lut nasatzie le hienga a fe pei chun a la chim hlum ngei ngei ding a nih ti inhmai ruol a ni nawh. Entirna dingin, pawlitiks le sumdawngna thil ei hril changa ei trongkam hmang 80% chuong hiel chu Saptrong thumal a ni tah. Chu umzie chu, ei rîng chen a mi chim pil tah tina a nih. A chim insang po leh beidonga intel vel nekin changkangah ei inngai a, ei ring ei infăn. Ei nauhai sikul trina ‘Baa Baa Black Sheep, Have you Any Wool?’ ti an hung sak thei chun ei bu beng a lien sot a, inlenghai laka khom a hma nêkin hmai man hle-ah ei zuk insie nuom nghal a nih. Innui vur vur puma thlana inchawm lut mekhai laia India rama a zuolkai tak chu hmar sak rama cheng tlangmihai ei nih.
Thu Kharna
Hi thu ka ziekna sanah lut tah inla. Kar iemani zat liem tah khan John Hrangulin Virthli website-ah kum 1900-a Hmar tronga ‘Naupa Tlan hmang’ an inlet, Linguistic Survey of India Vol.III Part III a mi, Keivom Diary-a inthoka lak suok chu an hung insuo a, titi a cho suok thra khop el a. Hi le inzoma ka thluoinaah, Linguistic Survey of India kawpi ka nei thu le bu dang inchawk ding ka zong le hmu zo naw thu ka ziek a. R.H.Hminglienin a bu thar a’n chawk thu a mi hril a, ka’n châ nghal a. Hi lekhabu hminga hin ‘Languages of North-Eastern India: A Survey by George A. Grierson ti an ziek a, Volume 1 & 2 in a suok a, a suttu chu Gyan Publishing House, Darya Ganj, New Delhi a nih. A man zat: Rs. 1800.
Mak ka ti chuh, Grierson buotsaih Linguistic Survey of India sut non (reprint) anga ziek si, a bu hming an thlak bakah a volume indot dan an nuom nuoma an sukdanglam hi a nih. Satkari Mukhopapadhya intiin Editor’s Note a ziek a, a tu Editorial Board-in am editor nina an pek ti le tu thuneina am hmangin a bu hming le a sunga thu chuonghai a nuom ang anga thlak le sukdanglam phalna a pek ti hmu ding a um nawh. A tira Linguistic Survey of India bu-a mi nuomna lai lai an lak khawm, hmun tam takah a hmaa phek le inmila reference thaw dinga hril khom inmil thei ta loa an chokchawrawi a nih.
A original-a chun Volume III Part III hi phek 403 a na, Hmar (Mhar) chuongna hmasa tak hi phek 256-na a nih. Tuta sut thara ruok chu phek 641-646 inkarah a chuong a, a tontirah a heading iengkhom ziek loin blank-in an sie top. Chun, Old Kuki hnuoia trong Survey an thaw hmasa tak truma an sie-Hrangkhol, Biete, Hallam, Langrong (Ranglong), Aimol, Chiru, Kolhren (Koireng), Kom, Kyau/Chaw (hienghai hi Chawthe, Chawrai etc ei tihai hi an ni ring a um. LK), Mhar (Hmar), Purum, Anal, Hiroi Lamgang (Lamjang)- hai lai hin Hmar ti chauh naw chu a bu thar ei bi laia hin an bân vong. Chu umzie chu hnam le trong riral ta-ah an sie tina a ni naw leh inkhina mak tak an hmang a ni thei. A zuolko zawnga hril chun, eini rawiin Hmar hnathlaka ei hril, Old Kuki hnuoia an lo siehai hi a hringin hi lekhabu hin a mi vui liempek deu vong tina a nih. Ieng leiin am chu chu ei phal ding?
(March 4, 2017; Delhi)
[1] Sen, Siddhartha (2002). “George Abraham Grierson, 1851-1941”. Hermathena (172) 39-55. JSTOR 23041283.
[2] Hmar trong hung inthrang pei dan sui zau nuomhai chun July 6, 2010-a ka ziek ‘Trong Hmasawn Dan’ ti kha tiem dingin ka’n fui. Ka website ‘Keivom Diary’ ah hmu le tiem thei a nih.
[3] Johnson, Robert G. ‘History of the American Baptist Chin Mission Vo.I p.393-401; Lalthangliana B; Mizo Chanchin (India, Burma & Bangladesh), 2001 p.698-699.
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